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Main components of lead sulfate battery include positive electrode, negative electrode, electrolyte, separator and battery shell. The positive electrode is mainly composed of lead dioxide (PbO2), which is brown and black. The negative electrode is composed of spongy lead (Pb); The electrolyte is a dilute sulfuric acid (H2SO4) solution; The separator is usually made of a non-conductive microporous material, its role is to prevent direct contact between the positive and negative electrodes resulting in short circuit, while allowing ions in the electrolyte to pass freely; The battery housing is usually made of acid-resistant plastic or other non-conductive materials to ensure mechanical strength and tightness. In these basic components, the concentration of electrolyte, temperature and the quality of positive and negative electrode materials will directly affect the performance and life of the battery.
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the battery discharge is a chemical reaction process, in this process, the chemical energy into electricity. When discharged, the positive lead dioxide reacts with sulfuric acid in the electrolyte to form lead sulfate (PbSO4) and water (H2O). At the same time, the spongiform lead of the negative electrode also reacts with sulfuric acid to form lead sulfate and water, which can dilute the electrolyte, resulting in a decrease in the concentration of the electrolyte. The chemical equation of the discharge reaction can be expressed as:

negative reaction: Pb + HSO4- → PbSO4 + H+ + 2e-

Positive reaction: PbO2 + HSO4- + 3H+ + 2e- → PbSO4 + 2H2O

Total reaction: Pb + PbO2 + 2H2SO4 → 2PbSO4 + 2H2O